Divorce Theories - Divorce Iranian Style Essays - Family, Gender

Divorce Theories - Divorce Iranian Style Essays - Family, Gender Alexandra Tolhurst-Swim NELC 238 Divorce Iranian Style shows multiple divorce proceedings taking place in an Islamic family court of law. During the proceedings, based on the circumstances, multiple different doctrines of divorce are prescribed by the judge. The doctrines used in the movie are talaq and khul, and child custody in divorce law is explored, as well as many singular laws within each doctrine that show the ability of the judge to apply discretion to each case. In the first case, a husband is petitioning the court for divorce from his wife because he believes she is having a secret relationship. This case falls under the doctrine of talaq, which is the males right to end a marriage in Islamic law. When the petition is filed, a period of three months begins in which the divorce is not yet final. During this time, because divorce is so frowned upon in Islamic law and religion, the parties must try to reconcile the marriage. It is generally assumed to be the womens job to provoke this reconciliation though in certain cases where the man has done clear wrong, he must work to reconcile it as well. During the three months, to assist at reconciliation, the wife must remain in the house of the husband and he must pay her lodging and maintenance. In this case, the wife did not want reconciliation or to live with her husband, but the judge ordered this to happen as this is part of the talaq doctrine. The second case outlines one of the conditions for khul. Women are generally not allowed to ask for a divorce in Islamic law, but under certain conditions, such as the mans inability to father a child as in this case, she is permitted. This case shows the judges use of the state functions to enforce sharia law by enforcing that the husband submit to a fertility test or be arrested. Part of the doctrine of khul permits the woman to be paid at least a portion of the marriage gift promised to her at the time of marriage upon divorce. Because it is not a right of women to get a divorce, they must have consent from the husband, who will often convince the woman to give up her right to the monetary gift for his consent. In this case, the husband will not pay the gift and the woman does not want a court battle over the gift, so she gives up the right to the marriage gift in return for his consent. The third case once again deals with khul, but outlines the struggle a woman must go through to get a divorce if the husband is not giving their consent. Ziba, the wife, tries multiple excuses that woman are permitted to use in khul to get out of her marriage, such as the husbands insanity and deception at the time of marriage. Because neither of these are credible enough with the judge, mainly due to the fundamental idea of the need for witnesses, she is unable to get the judge to sign the petition. She then has no choice but to get her husband to agree to divorce by mutual consent, which he does, but he does not want to pay her the marriage gift and she refuses to give it up. Because they technically agreed to divorce by mutual consent, the judge leaves the mediating of the marriage gift to their elders, who fail to come up with a solution and say Ziba has no right to the gift, when the judge says she does. In the end, Ziba gives up her right to the gift as well to be officially de clared divorced and free from her husband. The fourth case of the movie shows a woman trying to divorce her husband because he has assaulted her and her son and fails to provide maintenance of the family. This would fall under the doctrine of khul, a womans ability to apply for a petition of divorce, but once again, the husband is not consenting and wants to remain with his wife. This case outlines how important the idea of reconciliation is in divorce law and how much the judges frown upon a divorce,

Undertaker

Undertaker Undertaker Undertaker By Maeve Maddox After reading my recent article on caretakers and caregivers, a reader asks, How about explaining the particular use of another kind of â€Å"taker†-an undertaker, as in mortician or funeral director. If the business that is being â€Å"undertaken† [is] that of burying the dead, why don’t we call other professional services such as banker, realtor, physician, â€Å"undertakers† as well? The easiest answer to this question is that at one time we could have used the word for other service providers, but in current usage, undertaker has dwindled to only its present specialized meaning. In the 14th century, an undertaker was a â€Å"helper.† Wycliffe translated Psalm 53:6 as â€Å"The Lord is undertaker of my soul.† In the 17th century, undertaker had more than one meaning: an investor a person who acts as security for someone else in a business undertaking a baptismal sponsor. In the 19th century, undertaker could refer to: a subcontractor an investor. a book-publisher a play producer Undertaker with the meaning, â€Å"one who makes a business of carrying out the arrangements for funerals† was already in use in 1698. By 1884, someone could write, â€Å"You look as solemn as an undertaker.† Such is the human aversion to death that words closely associated with burial tend to be abandoned for other uses. The noun shroud, for example, started out in English with the meaning of â€Å"clothing.† In Aelfric’s translation of Genesis 45:22, God gives Adam and Eve â€Å"twa scrod† (two shrouds) to cover themselves. By the 16th century, shroud had taken on the meaning of â€Å"white cloth or sheet in which a corpse is laid out for burial; a winding-sheet.† Note: Shroud in the sense of â€Å"a set of ropes, usually in pairs, leading from the head of a mast and serving to relieve the latter of lateral strain† was in use in the 15th century. The ropes â€Å"clothed† the mast. Coffin is another word that started out with a general meaning that had nothing to do with death: â€Å"basket.† In a 14th century sermon referencing the miracle of the loaves and fishes, the left-over food filled â€Å"twelve coffins,† but by 1525, coffin had taken on the specific meaning of â€Å"the box or chest in which a corpse is enclosed for burial.† In the United States, funeral directors came to feel that the word coffin was too creepy for consumers, so they decided to change the name to a more pleasant word: casket. In its original sense, a casket is â€Å"a small box or chest for jewels, letters, or other things of value, itself often of valuable material and richly ornamented.† For example, the Franks Casket in the British Museum is a beautiful little 8th century chest made of whale’s bone and carved with scenes depicting the Adoration of the Magi, the Emperor Titus, Romulus and Remus, and Weyland Smith. The coffin-to-casket evolution in the U.S. is an example of a pretty word taken as a euphemism for something unpleasant, which in time comes to acquire the same unpleasantness it was supposed to obscure. At least one meaning that used to be attached to undertaker is still to be found in another â€Å"under† word, underwriter. Sometimes public radio announcers refer to their sponsors as underwriters. And in one sense, we are all â€Å"undertakers† when we undertake a new project. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Rhetorical Devices for Rational Writing10 Colloquial Terms and Their MeaningsHow Do You Fare?

Weathering and Mass Movement Event Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Weathering and Mass Movement Event - Essay Example (Kawamura, 2008).. This is the downward movement of rocks and regolith on the earth’s surface due to gravitational force. Mass movements have significance to the process of erosion. It moves materials from the higher elevation to lower elevation. The type of mass movement showed was slope failures; This is a type of slide whereby there is a downward rotation of regolith and rocks along the concave upward surfaces. The upper part of the block remains undistributed. The moved slump leave scars on the hill slope. It is caused by heavy rain and earthquakes. On rocky slope it is caused by chemical compositing of the rocks as seen in picture A (Kawamura, 2008). Rock slides result when rocks fall down a pre-existing surface such as foliation surface, or joint surface. Frequently the spaced fractures in rock are caused due to expansion that occurs during cooling and of the rock mass. It occurs when a rock falls down slope. The debris is similar except that they contain regolith, and rocks. The effect of this collision is that the rocks break more in size and deposit down hill; talus. Single and mass rock are forms of rock fall. Some of the rural areas show relatively week slope stability and are more susceptible to landslides because of the nature of the area’s soils, landslides are also triggered with other natural hazards such as heavy rains, floods, earthquakes and wildfires, landslide also destroy property and infrastructure and mass movement occur slowly or it takes time: warning time. Due to the above reasons people have resulted to move to urban areas that are free and

Environmentally Susutanable Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Environmentally Susutanable Business - Essay Example The companies of one country are successfully involved in trade relations with other countries. Also, many of the countries are having their production units in many parts of the world, making them truly multi – national corporations. The one major aspect of the tremendously competitive business world of today has been the flow of information. It is perceived that the right information in the right moment can do the trick. Also, the reach of the end customers have increased by great extent, thanks to the modern methods of communication like that of internet and cellular phones. Analysing the above facts, it can be well accepted that the commercial fraternity across the globe has been experiencing terrific competition like never before. Apart from the core competencies, the companies are always looking for the extra edge that could gain them the advantage. The companies of modern world are no more focusing on increasing only the shareholders’ value. Rather, the concept in contention today is the enhancement of stake holder’s value. Almost all of the major corporate houses are emphasising to create value for all the stake holders namely the customers, the suppliers, the employees, the regulators, the financial institutions and even for the media along with the true owners i.e. the shareholders. The companies are focusing more on sustainable and long term development. It is well accepted today that only those companies that bank upon sustainable development could exist amidst the turbulent times of today. Royal Dutch Shell, popularly known as Shell, has been one of the leading energy and the petro - chemical producing companies of the world. The company aims to meet the energy requirements of the society without compromising the economic, social and environmental factors. The group recognises the fact that resources are scarce and therefore employs every possible measure to use the resources in the best possible

Newspaper article Essay Example for Free

Newspaper article Essay The Pirates put out an amazing playoff season, this year having been the first year in the playoffs since 1992, but on October 9, 2013 they lost to the St. Louis Cardinals ending their amazing playoff season. In their last playoff game in St. Louis the Pirates lost 6-1 to the Cardinals, ending the season. In the second inning the Cardinals scored two runs taking the lead over the pirates. There was no more scoring until the sixth inning when the Cardinals scored yet another run, now having a three point lead over the Pirates. In the next inning the Pirates scored their first run. And sadly, the Cardinals scored three more runs in the eighth inning ending the game at a score of 6-1. The Pirates played the best theyve played since 1992, which wasnt enough this time. There was some amazing plays in the game, but I believe an incredible one was in the fourth inning when Starling Marte covered about twenty feet to catch a fly ball and get the second out with his incredible dive catch. An articles read about their season said that they played everything right, it was a amazing season but it wasnt enough this year, they needed a little more. This year the Pirates MVP player is Andrew McCutchen, he put up an OPS+ of 158, and swiped 27 bags this season. The teams LVP was Barmes, who plays shortstop, he hit a measly . 211/. 249/. 309, which is considered quite weak. The Pirates gameplan for next season is to keep the team mostly intact, and to hopefully make it farther into the playoffs next season. According to Christian Hartman The teams MVP should definitely be McCutchen, he hits well, plays amazing center field, and hes just overall great. He is everything a player should be. The Pirates put out an amazing playoff season, this year being their first playoff season since 1992.

The Parable of the Workers in the Vineyard Essay -- Scripture Analysis

Introduction Jesus was a phenomenal communicator. In fact, Jesus was the greatest communicator to ever live. He used strategies and techniques that were previously unheard of to get his point across in any situation, regardless of the circumstances. What is interesting is that his most common form of speaking was in parables. He would use these analogies to provide a way of application for the gospel in people lives. The parable about the workers in the vineyard is one of many, but is one of the few that were only told in the book of Matthew. Although there a many assumptions as to the reasoning for this, nobody can be sure of the reason why this parable is nowhere to be found in the other gospels. It is especially confusing because in this parable Jesus talks about end times and entrance into heaven; which would have been, and still is, an important subject to any believer. Matthew 20:1-16 1 â€Å"For the kingdom of heaven is like a landowner who went out early in the morning to hire workers for his vineyard. 2 He agreed to pay them a denarius for the day and sent them into his vineyard. 3 â€Å"About nine in the morning he went out and saw others standing in the marketplace doing nothing. 4 He told them, ‘You also go and work in my vineyard, and I will pay you whatever is right.’ 5 So they went. â€Å"He went out again about noon and about three in the afternoon and did the same thing. 6 About five in the afternoon he went out and found still others standing around. He asked them, ‘Why have you been standing here all day long doing nothing?’ 7 â€Å"‘Because no one has hired us,’ they answered. â€Å"He said to them, ‘You also go and work in my vineyard.’ 8 â€Å"When evening came, the owner of the vineyard said to his foreman, ‘C... ...mazing, but sets an example of how believers today can use relevant and modern examples and stories to share the Gospel and continue growing the body of Christ. Works Cited Barker, Kenneth L., ed., NIV Study Bible. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2008. Print. Blomberg, Craig L. "Matthew." The New American Commentary. 22. Nashville, TN: Broadman Press, 1992. Print. Davies, W. D., and Dale C. Allison. "Matthew 19-28." International Critical Commentary. New York, NY: T&T Clark International, 2004. Print. Hagner, Donald A. "Matthew 14-28." Word Biblical Commentary. 33B. Dallas, TX: Word Incorporated, 1995. Print. Keck, Leander E. "Matthew, Mark." The New Interpreter's Bible. 8. Nashville, TN: Abington Press, 1995. Print. Luz, Urich. "Mathew 8-20." Hermeneia: A Critical and Historical Commentary on the Bible. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 2001. Print.

On ‘Mending Wall’ by Robert Frost

From the very title of this poem Robert Frost implies his intention of presenting an everlasting barricade in human relationship, symbolized by the image of a wall. Close analysis reveals a work that functions on many levels. On the surface, ‘Mending Wall' pictures a scene in which the narrator and his neighbor cooperate with one another to mend a cracked wall and then begin a reasoning dispute over the significance/insignificance of having a wall between them. However, as the poem develops, more underlying conflicts are unfolded which cast a different light on the scene before the readers. Frost takes on these issues to explore some of the more complex aspects of human relationship in modern days. The poem opens with a comment of the puzzled narrator about an unknown force that ‘sends the frozen-ground-swell under it/And spills the upper boulders in the sun', producing measurable gaps in the wall. By the use of an unlikely compound noun: ‘frozen-ground-swell', instead of a proper word, such as ‘ice' or ‘icicle', and the failure to relate the cracks as consequences of the former phenomenon the comment is likely to be the voice of a youth as well as a remark to the natural wonder. Then the depiction of gaps caused by hunters disrupts the scene and brings in a preliminary conflict within the narrator's mind; that is, ironically, the narrator approves only of natural cracks in a wall not the man-made ones. He reasons that man-made gaps are forceful, destructive and merely for a personal purpose: ‘To please the yelping dogs'. On the contrary, with the pausing effect of a Caesura as well as end stops and the use of words with long vowel sounds in a line followed closely by short vowel sounds in another: ‘To please the yelping dogs. The gaps I mean, [short vowel sounds; No one has seen them made or heard them made, long vowel sounds] But at spring mending-time we find them there,' the narrator expresses his wonder and admiration to a naturally-cracked wall. This preference foreshadows the narrator's calm but cold reaction on mending a wall at the end of the poem. In line 11, ‘But at spring mending-time we find them there', along with the rebirth of spring emerge gaps in a wall, coordinated reparation as well as a remarkable irony in ‘mending wall', all of which prepare the ground for the central conflict of modern human relationship. Acknowledged of the mending time the narrator and his neighbor gather together in order to fulfill gaps in a wall. At this stage, the two characters are unified as the first person plural ‘we', signifying the sense of unity and cooperation. This is indeed an irony; the narrator and his neighbor become cooperative in order to be separate: ‘[†¦] we meet [†¦] and set the wall between us once again'. In addition, the description of the reparation is ornamented with quick, joyful but thoughtless rhythm, following from repetitive use of enjambment and childlike metaphor: ‘Some [stones] are loaves and [†¦] balls'. Such playful words and rhythm characterize many childlike aspects of the narrator. He is initiative and enthusiastic: ‘I let my neighbor know beyond the hill'; he is imaginative in a childlike way: ‘Some are loaves and some so nearly balls/We have to use a spell to make them balance'. In fact, repairing a wall is a tough work: ‘To each the boulders that have fallen to each. [unstressed ending] †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ We have to use a spell to make them balance: [unstressed ending] â€Å"Stay where you are until our backs are turned!† We wear our fingers rough with handling them. Oh, just another kind of outdoor game', hinted by such examples as the effect of interrupting uneasiness from continuous unstressed ending and some words, including ‘have to', ‘spell', and ‘rough', that connote hardship. While mending the wall, the narrator is, however, overwhelmed thoughtlessly with joyful physical recreation and sense of collaboration with his neighbor. Even though he has remarked somewhere that the wall is set up again, the narrator seems ironically ignorant to the fact that ‘mending wall' will later disunify his sense of ‘we', the togetherness between himself and his neighbor. Once he realizes it an argument will be unavoidable. At a particular point, ‘One on a side' , Frost allows his narrator a pause for reasoning thoughts by applying a long-vowel sound followed immediately by a Caesura. The pause as well as the subsequent statement: ‘It comes to little more', reports a wondering tone and suggests in some way that the narration is developing his intellectual maturity. He begins his first argument against the significance of ‘mending wall', saying innocently ‘My apple trees will never get across/And eat the cones under his pines'. He fails to argue his neighbor's murmur: â€Å"Good fences make good neighbors†, though. Further on the main conflict of a revolutionary mind versus a conservative one has fully developed, illustrating Frost's concerned awareness of mental gaps in modern relationship. The unified ‘we' has been split perpetually into two independent units: ‘I' the revolutionary and ‘He' the conservative. No longer a pleasant wonder, the ‘spring mending-time' has now become mischievous to the revolutionary mind. The narrator who once eagerly informed his neighbor of the mending-wall time would now prefer a world without borders and a neighborhood without ‘fences'. The narrator, having passed the verge of maturity, bursts out a train of spicy, reasonable arguments made firm and effective by the use of rhetorical questions and enjambment: â€Å"Why do they make good neighbors? Isn't it Where there are cows? But here there are no cows Before I built a wall I'd ask to know What I was walling in or walling out, And to whom I was like to give offense.† He views a ‘wall' no longer as a springtime recreation nor a symbol of neighborliness and collaboration. It is a sign of ‘offense', and he ‘wants it down'. Nonetheless, the narrator only ‘puts a notion [about the uselessness of a wall] in his [neighbor's] head' and refuses the use of force, even though he realizes that verbal encouragement may not work. The reason lies in his earlier detestation about the ‘work of hunters'. That is, the narrator regards himself as ‘apple orchard', polychromatic, fruitful trees of knowledge that make man civilized. Consequently, he would not degrade himself into the level of ‘yelping dogs' just to ‘have the rabbit(an intended metaphor for his neighbor) out of hiding'. He would rather have nature –as he could say â€Å"elves†Ã¢â‚¬â€œ take its course in destroying the wall. The central conflict does not come as an overt interaction, and the narrator's treatment towards his neighbor is courteous in a sense. But, it is not on the whole, for his remarks about the neighbor are somewhat cold and contemptuous. The narrator likens his neighbor who dare not ‘go behind his father's saying' to a gloomy, prickling pine tree with its inedible ‘cones'. Then an image of an ‘armed old-stone savage' is deployed to humiliate his incorrigible neighbor. Frost may be pointing out how a modern, revolutionary youth views conservatism in general, which is suggested as a step backward, a retreat into ‘darkness'. However, seeds of satire are also disseminated in the delineation of the rebelling narrator. The Fruit of Knowledge, which is compared to the revolutionary mind, is not only the cause of human intelligence but also that of human banishment from the Garden of Eden. Considering himself as civilized and assuming allegedly that his belief is unarguably correct, the narrator of the ‘Mending Wall' is somehow driven by pride when he ridicules his neighbor as a prehistoric savage. Moreover, such premises as the eating of ‘cones', the wandering of ‘cows' and the uselessness of a ‘wall' have their implication of materialism (Note that they are all materials and involve the gain/loss of benefits). Frost may intend to insert these defaults to make his subversive narrator less reliable and leave space for individual readers to judge according to their own favour. When finishing ‘Mending Wall' it is possible to assert that the poem is a microcosm of our changing world in which ones are gradually separated from the others as a result of ones' own bias, causing interminable gaps in human relationship. Portrayed in ‘Mending Wall' are the narrator, the revolutionary mind, who assumes arrogantly his superiority to others and his neighbor, the conservative mind, who possesses indestructible sense of stubbornness. Frost has implied that the roots of all trouble indeed lie within these two egocentric characters. The wall itself stands as an ironic symbol of integration or reconciliation and does not account for the disintegration between the narrator and his neighbor.

Control Of Infectious Diseases Health And Social Care Essay

First, it is of import to understand the standard any disease needs to run into to be considered for obliteration. Miller ( 2006 ) has proposed two classs of scientific and economic factors relevant for for good disrupting transmittal of infective disease. The scientific factors include: the concatenation of transmittal must merely include worlds and pathogens doing the disease must non hold a natural reservoir, inoculations for the disease must confabulate long-run protection, the ecology of pathogen must be really good known and effectual research lab parturiency must be possible. Additionally, from economic facet investings into obliteration programme must pay off to pull investors and support ( Miller, 2006 ) . However, as Miller points out, any obliteration run is hazardous because at the start it is impossible to gauge if there is traveling to be adequate support and political support. Furthermore, the feasibleness of obliteration differs in developed and developing states due to overall wellness degree, political agitation, substructure and communicating services, and fiscal state of affairs ( Miller, 2006 ) . Thus, even if a disease meets the standards and can be a campaigner for obliteration it will non be guaranteed that obliteration attempts lead to success. Smallpox In the last 100 old ages at that place have been several efforts to eliminate different diseases. However, the merely successful obliteration run so far has been that of variola. Prior to eradication the eruptions of variola were frequent in many parts of the universe, nevertheless, by 1950 it was eradicated from most developed states ( Fenner, 1982 ) . The obliteration run of variola was announced by the World Health Organization ( WHO ) in 1967 ( Henderson, 1977 ) and it is one of the greatest success narratives of twentieth century medical specialty. Beginnings and features Smallpox is a terrible infective disease, caused by smallpox virus, which is a genetically stable DNA virus ( Nomoto et al, 2002 ) that spread from Asia to Europe and Africa at the beginning of Christian epoch ( Henderson, 1977 ) . There are two different types of variola, variola child and major, the latter being more unsafe with 30 % of decease rates ( WHO ) . The airborne smallpox virus ( Henderson, 1977 ) spread among worlds via inhaling and had an incubation period of 7-17 yearss, followed by terrible strivings, febrility and other flu-like symptoms that made the victims stay at their house, restricting the instances of variola into limited countries. Smallpox is contagious merely during the clip when victims have roseola, which develops on face and appendages. Rash is characteristic to smallpox and it is easy to name rather accurately. Peoples who have recovered from variolas have a womb-to-tomb unsusceptibility against the disease ( Henderson, 1977 ) . Vaccines and efficiency Smallpox does non hold any known intervention besides inoculation ( WHO ) . Before Collier developed heat-stable variola vaccinum in 1950s merely liquid vaccinums were available, which were restricted in their usage due to heat-sensitivity ( Henderson, 1977 ) . The new lyophilized vaccinum proved to be really efficient since merely one dosage had immediate effects and conferred durable unsusceptibility ( Arita et al, 2004 ) . In add-on ( Henderson, 1977 ) , the inoculation procedure itself was easy and the re-use of acerate leafs reduced the cost of inoculation. Most developed states were already immunizing people before the start of WHO run and had stopped the transmittal in their state ( Henderson, 1977 ) . The first enterprise to eliminate variolas came from Soviet Russia and the USA ; their proposal was approved by World Health Assembly ( WHA ) in 1966 and the WHO run officially began in 1968 ( Foege, 1998 ) . Reasons for successful obliteration First, smallpox met the standards of eradicable diseases and had several biological characteristics that facilitated its obliteration. Fenner ( 1982 ) suggested that the badness of the status, easy designation by people without medical makings or preparation, human to human transmittal, limited spread, the absence of perennial infectivity and the deficiency of animate being reservoir had a major impact on the obliteration attempt. Furthermore, the handiness of effectual heat-stable vaccinum that was either made by local authoritiess or donated made the vaccinum cheap and sustainable in different socio-environmental conditions ( Henderson, 1982 ) . Second, there was a strong political support for the run: all developed states that had already eradicated the disease had to do immense investings to keep the quarantine programmes and nation-wide immunisations because air-travelling could import variola from an endemic state and let go of the pathogen. Therefore, they had economic involve ment and motive to finance the obliteration elsewhere because if obliteration was certified in all states so the investings and inoculations could halt and so could all future disbursals related to smallpox ( Fenner, 1982 ) . Third, although the epidemiology of variola was of import to the obliteration attempt, the run might hold failed without the invariably bettering reporting-surveillance methods, prosecuting of local wellness workers and community members, and, near link between field workers and research labs to better the vaccinum ( Henderson, 1977 ) . Besides, the programme had strong cardinal leading yet it was really flexible and suited to the demands of each state, which finally led to success ( Henderson, 1977 ) . Finally, the obliteration run lasted merely 10 old ages, which is non drawn-out plenty to deter people in the feasibleness of the enterprise. The last endemic instance of variola occurred in 1977 in Somalia, and the last instance of smallpox transmittal took top ographic point in England in 1978 when smallpox virus was by chance released from a medical school lab ( Hull et al, 2001 ) . This incident points out possible jobs of incorporating viruses and forestalling them from doing new eruptions. The enfranchisement of smallpox obliteration was given in 1980, 2 old ages after the last instance of variola ( Arita et al, 2004 ) . Reverses and last attempts The success of smallpox obliteration does non intend that it was easy to accomplish. The plan struggled with logistic issues, deficiency of money and inconsistent political and social support ( Arita et al, 2006 ) . India and Ethiopia ( Fenner, 1982 ) were the last states where variola was endemic, nevertheless, the methods applied in these states proved to be really effectual. In 1973 in India the purposes of the plan changed from mass inoculation to surveillance and containment ; besides, seven-day hunts were carried out to observe new instances. Reward for describing a instance together with easy sensing helped to halt the transmittal by 1975, while at the start no 1 believed it was possible. Intensive run in Ethiopia started in 1971, where mountains, clime and spread population had hindered old inoculation attempts. Increasing the figure of wellness workers, WHO investings into bettering transit and house to house hunts helped to make more people populating in distant countries a nd led to the last reported instance in 1976 ( Fenner, 1982 ) . Therefore, the intensified attempts to eliminate variola from its last fastnesss were fruitful and led to the run to a successful terminal. The WHA declared smallpox obliteration in 1980 and inoculation activity had stopped in all states by 1984 ( Jezek et al, 1987 ) . Poliomyelitis After the great success of smallpox obliteration, the WHO declared a planetary run against infantile paralysis ( infantile paralysis ) in 1988 ( Hull et al, 2001 ) . Polio is a good campaigner for obliteration due to its disabling effects, particularly in kids. It besides fits the standards of eradicable diseases suggested by Aylward and confederates ( 2000 ) and Miller ( 2006 ) : transmittal occurs merely between worlds and it lacks an animate being reservoir, there is an effectual orally administered infantile paralysis vaccinum, the badness of the disease can be prevented by immunisation and cut downing or halting immunisation will salvage 1000000s of dollars every twelvemonth ; to boot, the strong coaction and support from the Rotary International, UNICEF, WHO, Centres for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) and authoritiess has provided wider social and political support. There has been important success after 20 old ages of attempts seeking to eliminate infantile paralysis: 350A 000 infantile paralysis instances and 125 endemic states in 1988 have been reduced to 1997 instances and 4 endemic states by 2006 ( Dutta, 2008 ) . However, polio obliteration has proven to be more hard due to unanticipated factors refering the vaccinum and the last fastnesss of infantile paralysis that seem impossible to level ; as a consequence many people have lost religion in the run and think that effectual control may be a better option ( Roberts, 2006 ) . Beginning and Features The antiquity of infantile paralysis is widely acknowledged and Egyptian rock carvings dated to ca 1500 B.C. picturing a adult male with limb malformations is believed to stand for an early instance of infantile paralysis ( Sass, 1996 ) . Polio ( Nomoto et al, 2002 ) is a paralytic disease caused by poliovirus, which is a genetically unstable RNA virus and belongs to the household of enteroviruses. It has three wild serotypes that are causative of infantile paralysis. In developing states it affects 1 in 200 people, whereas merely in 1 % of instances the virus invades the nervous system and causes palsy ( Nomoto et al, 2002 ) . The victims shed virus with their fecal matters for hebdomads or more after inoculation, therefore, the virus can mouse back and circulate in a community without being detected ( WHO ) . Poliovirus spreads chiefly via oral-faecal transmittal and replicates in the intestine and pharynx ( Roberts, 2004 ) . The disease has the most annihilating consequence in kid s under 5 ( WHO ) . Furthermore, most instances of infantile paralysis have untypical symptoms, which hinder the diagnosing and containment of the disease ( Arita et al, 2006 ) . Due to the low specificity of infantile paralysis symptoms the surveillance mechanisms focal point on acute flaccid palsy ( AFP ) in under 15-year-olds and to corroborate the status stool samples need to be collected and analysed in the lab ( Hull et al, 2001 ) . Due to drawn-out and complicated designation procedure gives the pathogen an chance to re-enter the environment and do new eruptions of infantile paralysis. Vaccines and efficiency Similarly to smallpox, there is no remedy for infantile paralysis and inoculation is the lone manner to forestall the disease ( WHO ) . There are two types of vaccinums available: inactivated infantile paralysis vaccinum ( IPV ) developed by Salk in the 1950s and unwritten infantile paralysis vaccinum ( OPV ) that contains unrecorded virus advanced by Sabin in the sixtiess ; both have advantages and disadvantages ( Hull et al, 2001 ) . OPV is widely used because it provides enteric unsusceptibility, is inexpensive to bring forth, easy to administrate, and spreads from individual to individual confabulating unsusceptibility to unvaccinated persons in propinquity ( Miller, 2006 ) . At least 3 doses of OPV in babies are required for the vaccinum to work ; nevertheless, surveies have shown that 3 unit of ammunitions of OPV provide merely 70-80 % unsusceptibility in some tropical scenes but frequently the vaccinum coverage is low, go forthing many kids unprotected and triping eruptions du e to uneven population unsusceptibility ( Hull et al, 2001 ) . In add-on, the efficiency of vaccinum is dependent on the general wellness state of affairs of the population, which in many developing states is low ; for illustration 10 doses of OPV are deficient against infantile paralysis in some parts of India, whereas merely 2 doses were effectual in Japan ( Dutta, 2008 ) . Children who live in hapless sanitation conditions frequently have chronic diarrhea that undermines inoculation since the medicine leaves the organic structure before it could hold any effects ( Roberts, 2004 ) . A major job with OPV is its heat sensitiveness: infantile paralysis serum needs to be kept below 8 grades Celsius, which can be hard in parts with hot tropical clime and civil perturbation ( Westhead, 2009 ) . This job is being addressed and presently all OPV acquired through UNICEF have thermo-sensors that monitor heat exposure of the vaccinum and let limited usage in the heat without compromising the vaccinum ( Hull et al, 2001 ) . Furthermore, virus strains in OPV can mutate and recover the ability to go around and may do vaccine-associated paralytic infantile paralysis ( VAPP ) , which occurs seldom and has low transmittal rates ( Minor, 2009 ) . Some people with compromised immune-system may cast the vaccinum derived poliovirus ( VDPV ) for old ages, moving as a reservoir for the disease and current medical specialty has no remedy to halt it ( Miller, 2006 ) . Therefore, despite the cost-efficiency ratio of OPV it has some major mistakes that may forestall the accomplishment of obliteration. On the other manus, IPV is administered via injection, doing it expensive to utilize, particularly in developing states ( Miller, 2006 ) . IPV does non do VAPP or VDPV, does non distribute from individual to individual, does non supply enteric unsusceptibility and does non forestall oral-faecal transmittal of the disease ; therefore, IPV requires higher inoculation coverage ( Nomoto et a l, 2002 ) . To turn to the job of VAPP and VDPV it has been suggested to exchange from OPV to IPV, nevertheless, the high cost of IPV makes its usage in developing states unlikely but every bit long as OPV is administered the obliteration of infantile paralysis can non be once and for all confirmed ( Minor, 2009 ) . Attempts and methods to get the better of infantile paralysis First, by 1990s 80 % of kids were vaccinated against 6 diseases supplying high overall unsusceptibility across populations and the feasibleness of eliminating infantile paralysis was demonstrated in different geographic countries across states with different economic position ( Hull et al, 2001 ) . The methods of obliteration were inspired by the success of Pan-American Health Organization programme that eradicated infantile paralysis from the Western hemisphere by 1990 ( Hull et al, 2001 ) . By today US $ 4 billion has been invested in the run and the planetary instances have been reduced by 99 % since 1988 ( Roberts, 2006 ) . An estimated US $ 1.5 billion will be saved every twelvemonth if polio obliteration is finished and inoculations ceased ( Aylward et al, 2000 ) . Hull and confederates ( 2001 ) have summarised the schemes used to eliminate infantile paralysis: First, everyday immunisations that aspire to present 3 OPV doses to babies during their first twelvemonth of life ; se condly, the debut of national immunisation yearss ( NIDs ) quickly boosts the unsusceptibility of under 5-year-olds and must be continued for at least few old ages after the last reported instance ; thirdly, the surveillance marks instances of AFP and sends tool samples for analysis ; and eventually, mopping-up immunisations are intensive house to house hunts that reach the bulk of people at the terminal stages of infantile paralysis run ( Hull et al, 2001 ) . Recent finds allow OPV to aim type-specific poliovirus, either type 1, or 3 ; the usage of monovalent OPV ( mOPV ) may increase the public presentation of vaccinum in contending infantile paralysis in states where the disease has been hard to undertake so far ( Aylward et al, 2006 ) . Poliovirus type 2 had already been wiped out by 1999, converting authoritiess and moneymans that accomplishing obliteration of infantile paralysis is possible ( Roberts, 2006 ) . mOPV aiming type 1 poliovirus has already been efficaciously used i n several parts in Egypt and India ( Aylward et al, 2006 ) . Additionally, leaders of infantile paralysis run have negotiated armistices for immunizing kids in war zones ( Tangermann et al, 2000 ) . The initial end of infantile paralysis run was to halt inoculations after the obliteration has been certified, for this to go on, extra attempts are required: safe containment of poliovirus stocks with intensive surveillance until 3 old ages has passed from the last infantile paralysis instance to measure up for enfranchisement ; and, the concluding measure is the halt of inoculation ( Hull et al, 2001 ) . Post-eradication inoculation should be carried out with IPV to avoid casting of virus and has to make high coverage rates ( Dutta, 2008 ) . The last stairss of infantile paralysis obliteration are debatable and may be impossible to carry through in current political state of affairs. Troubles and reverses In add-on to the antecedently mentioned jobs, polio obliteration run has faced serious reverses that have caused uncertainty in the likeliness of polio obliteration. One of the first licking was the infantile paralysis eruption in Hispaniola in 2000, caused by VDPV while the island had been known to be polio-free for old ages and inoculation rates had dropped below 30 % ( Roberts, 2004 ) . In 2003 infantile paralysis inoculations were ceased in Nigeria because the Muslim leaders feared that the vaccinum was contaminated and would do the population infertile ; as a consequence infantile paralysis spread to more than 18 antecedently polio-free states ( Kluger, 2005 ) . Inoculations were restarted in 2004 after all the trials for taint were negative but by so infantile paralysis instances had skyrocketed and 20 % of kids in Nigeria were left unprotected ( Kluger, 2005 ) .The fact that the virus can be difficult to observe was acknowledged in 2005 when poliovirus had been mutely go aroun ding in Sudan for old ages ( Roberts, 2006 ) . Furthermore, wars challenge polio obliteration because full states are unaccessible, unsafe for wellness workers and inoculations can non be on a regular basis carried out. After the declaration of the World Summit for Children in 1990 yearss of tranquility were introduced in order to to immunize kids in struggle countries and supply them with basic wellness attention ( Tangermann et al, 2000 ) . Besides, since the states affected by struggle normally lack the resources to cover the costs of inoculation, money has to come from external beginnings ( Tangermann et al, 2000 ) . War activity frequently forces 1000s of people leave their place and move to refugee cantonments where conditions for the spread of infective diseases including infantile paralysis are favorable. The mobility of refugees can sabotage the inoculation runs because unvaccinated people may re-introduce the virus into a pathogen free country. Furthermore, the dangers ref ering poliovirus containment must be addressed: the stocks of poliovirus are distributed among legion labs and there is presently no cardinal high-security storage installation ; besides, the little size of poliovirus genome with known sequence can be synthesized in lab and used against susceptible populations by terrorists ( Dove et al, 1997 ) . Even without human intervention the unstable poliovirus could mutate and unite with other enteroviruses in nature ( Arita et al, 2004 ) . Finally, the 4 endemic states India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Nigeria are thickly settled, dumbly habituated, have hapless sanitation and many parts that are hard to entree, and therefore, have rendered all attempts to undertake infantile paralysis useless ( Aylward et al, 2006 ) . Even if polio obliteration was to be achieved it is questionable if inoculation will of all time halt in the western universe, particularly after the daze of 9/11 and in the turning menace of biological terrorism ( Roberts, 20 04 ) . Wild Poliovirus.bmp Figure 1. This map illustrates nicely the correlativity between endemic states of poliovirus and states affected by struggle: the bulk of points concentrate around Nigeria, Afghanistan, Pakistan and North India. All these states are affected by ongoing struggles. ( WHO, 2009 ) Criticism of infantile paralysis obliteration run The review of the run is related to the issues refering vaccinum related infantile paralysis instances, troubles of surveillance due to untypical symptoms, perturbation of everyday immunisations caused by struggles and increasing indifference of people due to holds ; many of these facets have been discussed in old subdivisions. I will now look at the more general statements against polio obliteration programme that argue why all hereafter obliteration attempts need reconsidering. One of the chief statements against the run is that obliteration of a individual disease can merely be done at the disbursal of other wellness resources ; even with international aid developing states need to deviate important sum of their ain resources that could be used for supplying other wellness attention services ( Arita et al, 2004 ) . Henderson points out that in developing universe infantile paralysis merely affects 1 in every 200 and putting to deaths 1 in 2000 people, therefore, infantile paralysi s is non every bit large menace in comparing to other infective diseases and would otherwise non be considered a precedence ( Roberts, 2004 ) . Others have suggested that money and attending should be focused on major slayer diseases, such as AIDS and malaria that kill, severally, 3 and 1 million people every twelvemonth ( Kluger, 2005 ) . The initial infantile paralysis obliteration deadline of 2000 was non kept and new deadlines are invariably delayed, the most recent one in 2015 ( Arita et al, 2006 ) . 20-year-old on-going infantile paralysis run causes defeat and deficiency of involvement, utilizing up 1000000s that could be used for increasing the overall wellness position in people populating in developing states instead than seeking to extinguish one of many diseases. The one-year costs to keep infantile paralysis run have increased from circa US $ 350 million to US $ 700 million in 2005 ( Roberts, 2006 ) yet there is a important opportunity that inoculations will non halt af ter obliteration has been certified ( Arita et al, 2004 ) . Finally, the conditions for infantile paralysis obliteration have changed after the obliteration of variola: universe population has increased from 4 billion in 1977 to 6.2 billion today ; and political state of affairs has become more complicated after the terminal of Cold War when two world powers could order their will ( Arita et al, 2006 ) . Reconsidering the hereafter of obliteration does non intend that infective diseases are non worth the money and attempt. As Miller phrases it: â€Å" pick is non between making nil and obliteration but between optimum degree of control and obliteration † ( Miller, 2006 ) . Discussion The purpose of this paragraph is to discourse if effectual disease control could replace any future obliteration attempts, including the on-going infantile paralysis run. The current thought of polio obliteration is based on the success of variola run, nevertheless, Arita and confederates ( 2004 ) argue that eliminating poliovirus in worlds and in the environment is impossible today and suggest redefining the term ‘eradication ‘ so that it would merely embrace the finding of pathogens in worlds. Furthermore, Caplan ( 2009 ) argues that obliteration is hazardous because if obliteration is achieved and all immunisation activity stops so worlds will be left vulnerable to the possible re-emergence of the pathogen. As the Hispaniola incident proves we can ne'er be certain if a virus has gone everlastingly or non. In 2005 the WHO approved the Global Immunization, Vision, and Strategy ( GIVIS ) programme that puts more accent on supplying wellness attention to more people and at tempts to incorporate immunisation with other signifiers of medical service ( Arita et al, 2006 ) . Sceptics argue that the WHO new policy prioritising the development of basic wellness attention installations web may be deadly to polio run due to reduced political involvement and support ( Roberts, 2006 ) . In order to eliminate an infective disease the inoculation coverage has to be high, which leads to another important job. The patients can take non to be vaccinated but by making so they pose a hazard for others and stand in the manner of obliteration ( Caplan, 2009 ) . It will be impossible to deny patients their right to decline from intervention particularly in times when people are more cognizant of the possible effects of vaccinums and their rights to command what will be put in their organic structure ; besides, many will decline from inoculation due to spiritual grounds. Therefore, sing all of the above, it has been suggested that obliteration should be replaced by effect ual disease control ( Arita et al, 2006 ) . Arita and Henderson are the two major oppositions of infantile paralysis obliteration and they believe that the run in its current signifier can non win ; they suggest the incorporation of infantile paralysis vaccinum into everyday immunisation to keep the achievements made so far ( Roberts, 2006 ) . In instance of effectual disease control all steps used to contend infantile paralysis will be maintained until world-wide instances bead below 500 in less than 10 states, after which the accent will be on surveillance and inoculations will be carried out indefinitely ( Arita et al, 2006 ) . Another of import concern is money: infantile paralysis obliteration run needs at least a few more one million millions to finish the undertaking ; nevertheless, the feasibleness of obliteration is unsure ( Arita et al, 2006 ) . The oppositions for infantile paralysis run argue that increasing investings to accomplish the end is worth it and will salvage money in long term ( Chan, 2007 ) . Polio obli teration from the last pockets is expensive if non impossible. However, the betterments made with mOPV vaccinums and concentrated attempts to undertake the last parts where infantile paralysis is endemic can non be ignored. If polio obliteration programme stopped now so money and attempt invested in the run would be lost, besides, exposure to poliovirus at an older age is more unsafe ( Miller, 2006 ) . However, after the infantile paralysis obliteration programme reaches closing any farther programs to eliminate a following disease should be postponed. Smallpox and infantile paralysis runs started off with small cognition about the epidemiology of the disease and uncomplete scheme. No other disease should of all time be considered for obliteration without extended research and thorough analysis. Furthermore, trailing down one disease does non live over the disease load that hinders people in developing states. Investing in improved wide base wellness attention that is accessible to everyone will assist to increase the overall good health in developing states and in the long tally will better the life quality of 1000000s of people. Decision To sum up, it can be said that all future obliteration runs have to be carefully assessed before the start of executing. The epidemiology of a disease that is considered for obliteration plays a cardinal function in the success of any run, together with the handiness of effectual stable vaccinums. The standard of eradicable disease were fulfilled by both variolas and infantile paralysis, nevertheless, merely smallpox run managed to accomplish the end of nothing instances in worlds and devastation of pathogen in the environment. In add-on, in current political clime biological terrorism is regarded as a considerable menace to international security, hence, halting inoculation even after obliteration may non be possible since it would go forth world unprotected against the re-introduction of pathogens. Besides, making an international understanding to get down a undertaking with high committedness may be presently impossible due to the clashing involvements of developing and developed states, yet, political support and support are important for any planetary project. Therefore, at this point effectual disease control alternatively of obliteration may be more executable and cost efficient. Word Count: 4006

The Scarlet Letter - Analysis of Arthur Dimmesdale essays

The Scarlet Letter - Analysis of Arthur Dimmesdale essays Character Analysis of Arthur Dimmesdale The Scarlet Letter is a story of characters that have to live and deal with the effects of sin in different ways. Of these characters, the Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale is the character portrayed as the most weak and unnoble. Despite this portrayal Dimmesdale was a stronger character than given credit for. His unbelievable amount of control in his way of handling his burdens displays his great sense of strength and We first see Dimmesdale portrayed as a nervous and sensitive individual. Despite his outer appearance, inside Dimmesdale is a very stable, strong person. Chapter Three states that he showed, à ¿nervous sensibility and a vast power of self restraint.à ¿ While this seems to give Dimmesdale great strength, it is also his largest flaw. His body refuses to do what his heart says is right. Dimmesdale instructs Hester to reveal the truth, but when she refuses he doesnà ¿t have the willpower to confess himself. Therefore, his sin becomes even larger than hers, because while hers is an exposed sin. He continues to lie to himself and his followers by keeping his secret hidden, so his is a concealed sin. Here Hawthorne shows us just how strong Dimmesdale actually is, by allowing him to hide his sin and bear the weight of it, he creates an extremely interesting and tremendously strong The scaffold is the place that Dimmesdale shows the amount of pain and self-loathing he is truly capable of concealing. He realizes that he is as much at fault for Hesterà ¿s torment as any common villager, if not even more so. Seven years prior, Hester stood in this place and took the punishment for both of them while he quietly stood aside and led people to believe that he also condemned her. During those long seven years he made no move to lessen her load or his own. Now Dimmesdale has had all that he can bear and lets out a yell that draws the atten ...

Naval Battle of Casablanca in World War II

Naval Battle of Casablanca in World War II The Naval Battle of Casablanca was fought November 8-12, 1942, during World War II (1939-1945) as part of the Allied landings in North Africa. In 1942, having been convinced of the impracticality of launching an invasion of France as a second front, American leaders agreed to conduct landings in northwest Africa with the goal of clearing the continent of Axis troops and opening the way for a future attack on southern Europe. Intending to land in Morocco and Algeria, Allied planners were required to determine the mentality of the Vichy French forces defending the area. These totaled approximately 120,000 men, 500 aircraft, and several warships. It was hoped that as a former member of the Allies, the French would not engage British and American forces.  Conversely, there were several worries regarding French anger and resentment relating to the British attack on Mers el Kebir in 1940, which had caused severe damage and casualties to French naval forces. Planning for Torch To assist in gauging local conditions, the American consul in Algiers, Robert Daniel Murphy, was directed to acquire intelligence and reach out to sympathetic members of the Vichy French government. While Murphy commenced his mission, planning for the landings moved forward under the overall command of Lieutenant General Dwight D. Eisenhower. The naval force for the operation would be led by Admiral Sir Andrew Cunningham. Initially dubbed Operation Gymnast, it was soon renamed Operation Torch. In planning, Eisenhower voiced a preference for the eastern option which utilized landings at Oran, Algiers, and Bà ´ne as this would allow for a rapid capture of Tunis and because the swells in the Atlantic made landing in Morocco difficult. He was overruled by the Combined Chiefs of Staff who were worried that should Spain enter the war on the side of the Axis, the Straits of Gibraltar could be closed cutting off the landing force.   As a result, the final plan called for landings at at Casablanca, Oran, and Algiers. This would later prove problematic as it took substantial time to shift troops east from Casablanca and the greater distance to Tunis allowed the Germans to improve their defensive positions in Tunisia. Murphys Mission Working to accomplish his mission, Murphy offered evidence suggesting the French would not resist the landings and made contact with several officers, including the commander-in-chief of Algiers, General Charles Mast. While these commanders were willing to assist the Allies, they requested a conference with a senior Allied commander before committing. Agreeing to their demands, Eisenhower dispatched Major General Mark Clark aboard the submarine HMS Seraph. Meeting with Mast and others at the  Villa Teyssier in Cherchell, Algeria on October 21, 1942, Clark was able to secure their support. Problems with the French In preparation for Operation Torch, General Henri Giraud was smuggled out of Vichy France with the aid of the resistance. Though Eisenhower had intended to make Giraud the commander of French forces in North Africa after the invasion, the Frenchman demanded that he be given overall command of the operation. Giraud believed this was required to ensure French sovereignty and control over the native Berber and Arab populations of North Africa. His demand was immediately refused and he became a spectator. With the groundwork laid with the French, the invasion convoys sailed with the Casablanca force departing the United States and the other two sailing from Britain. Fleets Commanders Allies Rear Admiral Henry Kent Hewitt1 aircraft carrier1 escort carrier1 battleship3 heavy cruisers1 light cruiser14 destroyers Vichy France Vice Admiral Fà ©lix Michelier1 battleship1 light cruiser2 flotilla leaders7 destroyers8 sloops11 minesweepers11 submarines Hewitt Approaches Scheduled to land on November 8, 1942, the Western Task Force approached Casablanca under the guidance of Rear Admiral Henry K. Hewitt and Major General George S. Patton. Consisting of the US 2nd Armored Division as well as the US 3rd and 9th Infantry Divisions, the task force carried 35,000 men. Supporting Pattons ground units, Hewitts naval forces for the Casablanca operation consisted of the carrier USS Ranger (CV-4), the light carrier USS Suwannee (CVE-27), the battleship USS Massachusetts (BB-59), three heavy cruisers, one light cruiser, and fourteen destroyers. On the night of November 7, pro-Allies General Antoine Bà ©thouart attempted a coup detat in Casablanca against the regime of General Charles Noguà ¨s. This failed and Noguà ¨s was alerted to the impending invasion. Further complicating the situation was the fact that the French naval commander, Vice Admiral Fà ©lix Michelier, had not been included in any Allied efforts to prevent bloodshed during the landings. First Steps To defend Casablanca, Vichy French forces possessed the incomplete battleship Jean Bart which had escaped the Saint-Nazaire shipyards in 1940. Though immobile, one of its quad-15 turrets was operational. In addition, Micheliers command contained a light cruiser, two flotilla leaders, seven destroyers, eight sloops, and eleven submarines. Further protection for the port was provided by the batteries on El Hank (4 7.6 guns and 4 5.4 guns) at the western end of the harbor. At midnight on November 8, American troopships moved inshore off Fedala, up the coast from Casablanca, and began landing Pattons men. Though heard and fired on by Fedalas coast batteries, little damage was incurred. As the sun rose, the fire from the batteries became more intense and Hewitt directed four destroyers to provide cover. Closing, they succeeded in silencing the French guns. The Harbor Attacked Responding to the American threat, Michelier directed five submarines to sortie that morning and French fighters took to the air. Encountering F4F Wildcats from Ranger, a large dogfight ensued which saw both sides take losses. Additional American carrier aircraft began striking targets in the harbor at 8:04 AM which led to the loss of four French submarines as well as numerous merchant vessels. Shortly thereafter, Massachusetts, the heavy cruisers USS Wichita and USS Tuscaloosa, and four destroyers approached Casablanca and began engaging the El Hank batteries and Jean Bart. Quickly putting the French battleship out of action, the American warships then focused their fire on El Hank. The French Sortie Around 9:00 AM, the destroyers Malin, Fougueux, and Boulonnais emerged from the harbor and began steaming towards the American transport fleet at Fedala. Strafed by aircraft from Ranger, they succeeded in sinking a landing craft before fire from Hewitts ships forced Malin and Fougueux ashore. This effort was followed with a sortie by the light cruiser Primauguet, the flotilla leader Albatros, and the destroyers Brestois and Frondeur. Encountering Massachusetts, the heavy cruiser USS Augusta (Hewitts flagship), and the light cruiser USS Brooklyn at 11:00 AM, the French quickly found themselves badly outgunned. Turning and running for safety, all reached Casablanca except Albatros which was beached to prevent sinking. Despite reaching the harbor, the other three vessels were ultimately destroyed. Later Actions Around noon on November 8, Augusta ran down and sank Boulonnais which had escaped during the earlier action. As fighting quieted later in the day, the French were able to repair Jean Barts turret and the guns on El Hank remained operational. At Fedala, landing operations continued over the next several days though weather conditions made getting men and material ashore difficult. On November 10, two French minesweepers emerged from Casablanca with the goal of shelling American troops that were driving on the city. Chased back by Augusta and two destroyers, Hewitts ships were then forced to retreat due to fire from Jean Bart. Responding to this threat, SBD Dauntless dive bombers from Ranger attacked the battleship around 4:00 PM. Scoring two hits with 1,000 lb. bombs, they succeeded in sinking Jean Bart. Offshore, three French submarines mounted torpedo attacks on the American ships with no success. Responding, subsequent anti-submarine operations led to the beaching of one of the French boats. The following day Casablanca surrendered to Patton and German U-boats began to arrive in the area. Early on the evening of November 11, U-173 hit the destroyer USS Hambleton and the oiler USS Winooski. In addition, the troopship USS Joseph Hewes was lost. During the course of the day, TBF Avengers from Suwannee located and sank the French submarine Sidi Ferruch. On the afternoon of November 12, U-130 attacked the American transport fleet and sank three troopships before withdrawing. Aftermath In the fighting at the Naval Battle of Casablanca, Hewitt lost four troopships and around 150 landing craft, as well as sustained damage to several ships in his fleet. French losses totaled a light cruiser, four destroyers, and five submarines. Several other vessels had been driven aground and required salvage. Though sunk, Jean Bart soon was raised and debate ensued on how to complete the vessel. This continued through the war and it remained at Casablanca until 1945. Having taken Casablanca, the city became a key Allied base for the remainder of the war and in January 1943 hosted the Casablanca Conference between President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill.

MARKETING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

MARKETING - Essay Example HFSS refers to foods high in fats, sugars, and salts. This key marketing issue aligns with the advertising appeal strategy (Zou and Fu, 2011: 116). According to this theory, products ought to be advertised or marketed in a manner that would manipulate or control consumer behavior in relation to purchasing. The message in the advertisement particularly in the media according to Akabas, Lederman and Moore (2012: 49) should be captivating in order to capture the attention of the consumers. The article posits the introduction of regulations in the year 2009 in a bid to limit advertisement of unhealthy foods. As a consequence of the regulations, the rate at which unhealthy foods has been advertised in the media has been curtailed. As elucidated by Veenema (2003: 172), the Maslows hierarchy of needs outlines health in terms of safety as one of the basic need in human existence. Obesity is considered one of the most serious childhood health issues in the developed world. This has been largely contributed by advertisement through the social media and other channels (Delgado, 2013: n.p). It is of significance to posit that children are easily manipulated hence are more likely to develop food preferences from advertisements (Varley, 2012: 92). This is one loophole that has been exploited by food companies in marketing unhealthy foods to children through the social media. Therefore, ensuring that children access information of healthy foods is imperative for the maintenance o f a healthy and productive population (Samour and King, 2012: 518). Though the regulations introduced in 2009 have reduced promotion of unhealthy foods in the television sets, there has been an observable increase in advertisements particularly in the social media (Preedy, Watson and Martin, 2011: 982). In the contemporary world, there has been a lot of advancements in terms of technology. It is very easy for individuals

Wash Avenue Incorporated Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Wash Avenue Incorporated - Case Study Example Having worked in a car wash to support his college education, he has acquired the necessary skills and has always been inspired to put up his own company. To differentiate itself from other players, Wash Avenue will be located in the mall's garage and provide services while the customers shop. The company will officially be opening its first shop in Copley Place but plans to expand into other areas as soon as it gains popularity in the market. By locating in the malls, Wash Avenue hopes to develop a core competence in (1) extending quality car wash service and (2) utilizing the best available technologies in the market. In order to translate this into sustainable advantage, Wash Avenue will outline a unique process of giving "car make-overs" and ensure consistency. The company will also partner with the car wash technology expert Seven CarWash Romania Inc (2008) which will design and update its equipment. The US car wash industry is comprised of 14,000 full-service car washes accounting for US$5 billion in annual revenue (International Car Wash Association 2008). This huge market is still highly unsaturated and business organizations are still looking for ways where they can improve their service offerings. In this situational analysis, the PEST model will be used in order to fully understand all the opportunities, challenges, and issues which confront the industry players (Thomson 2002). This strategic management technique will enable Wash Avenue to identify the opportunities and threats in its external environment and respond to this by crafting appropriate marketing strategies. Political. The nature of car wash business makes it as a subject of legislations which varies from state to state. However, the theme of these regulations is often about the preservation of water and environment (International Car Wash Association 2008) . All car wash operators are required to manage and to use only a minimal amount of water during the process. Currently, as customers are also becoming more and more aware of social corporate responsibility, car wash operators are also pressured of rethinking their solid waste management practices in order to ensure sustainable development. Economic. The United States have entered a turning point in its economic history. From long been globally respected because of its economic hegemony, the nation is now threatened by economic slowdown (US Economic Crisis 2008). This situation is