Applying Students A Refresher On Some Common Questions COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Applying Students A Refresher On Some Common Questions COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog At this time of the year, we have been getting emails from prospective students on all things related to their applications. We thought we would take a moment to address some of the most frequently asked questions and direct you to older blog posts where some of them have been addressed: Obviously, prospective students always want information about how they can fund their SIPA education. Here is the blog post on relevant financial aid information. It is important to note that first-year applicants are considered for fellowships and scholarships through the university regardless of nationality. Here is the blog post about things that you should avoid doing when applying to SIPA. Tps that may touch on some of the specific application areas: Applying to multiple programs:   The system allow applicants to easily apply to multiple programs under the same log-in. As per SIPA’s Admissions policy, you may apply to more than one program but you must submit full applications (with all required materials, application fee, etc.) to each program to be considered. What restrictions are there? Applicants may apply to any combination of programs EXCEPT you may NOT apply to the (two year full time) Master of International Affairs (MIA) and the (two year full time) Master of Public Administration (MPA) simultaneously (in the same term). How do I create a new application? Many people have written or called asking how to create a new application. You may do so by logging in to the application system and in the “application management” page you will see “start new application” below the list of open applications. Select and add the program and term.   You may see a screenshot of my test application below: Résumés:   Check out guidelines for the résumés: Ready to Talk about Résumés? Personal Statement:   Each program has specific question prompts that are required to be answered for review by the Committee. Some of these questions may be the same as the prompts for other programs but don’t think that you can submit the same responses if you are applying to more than one program, it will be obvious. You can get a refresher on the personal statements here. Recommendation letters:   We have received a LOT of calls and emails about recommendation letters so a few refresher posts, such as Can’t Say it Enough, Recommendation requests, with a little time and the Ins and Outs of Recommendation Letters may be useful for you to review. However, the sheer number of emails and phone calls from panicked applicants indicates that there are some outstanding issues. Recommenders have not received the recommendation request submission notification and are confused as to how to proceed. The most common reason for this issue is that the email message was delivered to the referee’s spam inbox and so we advise that recommenders check their email folders first.   If the notification has not been received, it may be due to security protocol, particularly if the email addresses has an “irregular” domain name or uses abbreviations (typically addresses from various countries, organizations or even universities/institutions), that prevents the message from being received. As an alternative, applicants may use a different email address for the recommender but this requires the recommender entry to be deleted and then re-entered to include the updated email address. As a last resort, recommenders can send the letter (as an attachment) to sipa_admission@columbia.edu directly and then our staff can upload the letter to the application manually.   Due to high volume of activity, we request your patience as we process received materials. GRE/GMAT:   The GRE/GMAT is an important component of the application, and all of your questions about these tests can be found here. Another item on test scores, WE DO NOT REQUIRE AN OFFICIAL TEST SCORE REPORT TO BE RECEIVED BY THE DEADLINE. The Committee ONLY requires applicants to self-report your scores on the application. I have thought quite a bit about why this is confusing so I have provided a screenshot of “add test” below: This example is of a GRE score but you only need to type the SCORES and the PERCENTILES in the boxes to report the GRE (or GMAT) and/or TOEFL or IELTS scores in order for your application to be reviewed. It is true that the self-reported scores are considered “unofficial” or a “copy” as you may have seen on your application status page, but this is EXACTLY what the Admissions Committee is looking for.   Once you have submitted your application, you will see something similar to the screenshot below on your application status page: If your official test score has been received and matched with your application, it will show as “verified” or “original” on the application status page. Deadlines! Another area of confusion has been the deadlines for each program so you may find the dates below helpful.   If you click the link to each program, you will be taken to the appropriate program checklist page. Program With fellowship Admission only MPA/MIA January 6, 2014 February 5, 2014 (11:59pm EST) MPA-DP January 15, 2014 February 5, 2014 (11:59pm EST) PEPM January 6, 2014 February 5, 2014 (11:59pm EST) EMPA March 1, 2014 June 1, 2014 (11:59pm EST) MPA-ESP January 15, 2014 February 15, 2014 (11:59pm EST)

Annotated Bibliography On Tax Files - 2541 Words

Tax Research Memorandum Date: November 16, 2014 To: Tax Files From: Jonathan Ruhi Subject: Availability of Corporate Reorganization Summary of Facts Chris and Sue are 50 percent shareholders in BackBone personal service corporation. Backbone provides chiropractic services in four separate offices, in four small towns: Troy, Union, Vista and Willow. Chris is the main chiropractor in the Troy office, and Sue heads up the Vista office. Charlie, the main chiropractor in the Willow office, does not see eye-to-eye with Chris and Sue on management styles. Charlie is highly competent and well-liked by patients and therefore indispensable in the eyes of Chris and Sue. Chris and Sue may be willing to give Charlie control of the Willow office, but do not want to lose the profits this office adds to BackBone. A corporate reorganization seems to be a good alternative. Issue and Conclusion Is corporate reorganization an available option? If so, how should it be structured? What issues would be associated with this alternative? Corporate reorganization is definitely an available option. The company should be structured as a parent-subsidiary controlled group. The restructuring should be performed in conformance to any and all tax-saving codes and provisions. Law and Analysis With a divisive reorganization, BackBone can split off its Willow office as a new subsidiary corporation that is controlled by BackBone. By placing Charlie in charge of the newly formed subsidiary, CharlieShow MoreRelatedTax Pensions : A Solution To The Public Pension Crisis1407 Words   |  6 Pagesgain in revenue. The effects of the dual retirement restrictions may not be felt immediately, but will certainly offer a long-term benefit. The impact of the state-wide tax increase will be felt within one year of being implemented. Senator Chris McDaniel states in Tom Loftus, (2017) article that, â€Å"it’s going to be about 10 percent tax increase for all Kentuckians . . . † (pg. 2) which would pay off the current deficit. However, he does not offer a time frame in order to achieve this goal. This isRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography on Deportations1389 Words   |  6 PagesDeportations: An Annotated Bibliography Fitz, Marshall. â€Å"The Cost of Mass Deportation.† Center for American Progress. N.p., 19 Mar. 2010. Web. 24 Feb. 2014. In the article The Cost of Mass Deportation, the author talks about the negative impact that deportation can cause this country. The issue of illegal immigration has been an active debate in congress for the last few years. During the presidency of George W. Bush and Barack Obama, the enforcement of deportation has increased. The authorRead MoreThe Ransom Of Red Chief Analysis1730 Words   |  7 PagesHenry David Thoreau. When he didn’t believe in what the government was doing with citizens’ tax money, he states that [he] paid no poll-tax for six years† (Thoreau 11). There are unfair rules in our everyday life. Instead of being content by being ruled by unjust laws, we should find a way for people to hear our voice and our opinions, and try our best to amend previous mistakes. Annotated Bibliography Nelson, Steve J., and Clara T. Nelson. â€Å"BARTLEBY, THE SCRIVENER.† The Project Gutenberg EBookRead MoreCountry Recommendation For Expansion Throughout Southeast Asia2333 Words   |  10 Pagescountry, in economic terms it would be the world s ninth largest. Effectively a trade bloc situated between China and India, ASEAN is the third Asian dragon in terms of its development as an emerging economy. A company based in ASEAN not only enjoys tax benefits automatic and free trade within the ASEAN market, but also the attractive free trade and double taxation agreements that ASEAN is negotiating with China, India, Australia, Japan and South Korea. Thanks to an interview with a government officialRead MoreUndocumented Workers Benefiting America Essay2370 Words   |  10 Pagesbelieved by many Americans that illegal immigrant workers pay no taxes for the money they make and still benefit from federal and state relief programs. Those who believe this to be true are ill informed. An article written Bruce Mauriello entitled, Tax-paying Illegal Workers Contribute to the Economy, addresses the positive influence illegal workers have on the U.S. economy. Illegal immigrants do in fact pay multiple federal and state taxes, however, these undocumented workers are unable to benefitRead MoreGay Marriage: the Recognition of Equal Human Rights2555 Words   |  11 Pagescouples have limited rights. DOMA (Defense of Marriage Act) restricts federal marriage benefits; therefore, it prevents gays from receiving the insurance benefits for government employees, Social Security benefits, immigration, and the filing of joint tax returns (Burns). Th e documentary, Tying the Knot shows that many gay couples stay together for a long period of time, whether they are married or not. They share their lives: mentally, physically, and economically. But when a spouse dies, the otherRead MoreCommercial Liens - a Potent Weapon Essay32374 Words   |  130 PagesAiming Too High †¢ Beware of Exotic Arguments Chapter 6 †¢ Obstacles and Strategies for Overcoming Them †¢ Refusal to File Liens †¢ Abuse of Judicial Power Chapter 7 †¢ The Coloring Agreement Approach †¢ Background †¢ Instructions Chapter 8 †¢ Final Thoughts, by Alfred Adask Appendix A - Bibliography and Sources Appendix B - Index of Sample Legal Briefs [pic] Chapter 1 - Introduction Disclaimer This manual is intendedRead MoreThe Marketing Research of Brainquiry33782 Words   |  136 Pagesfor promotional needs as well as selling. All the information needed for this is found in the excel file in the New York folder titled New York Research. All promotional information is mentioned in the promotion folder and in the New York part of this report. All information needed that requires further research can be found in the sources of the New York part and in the New York folder word file Sources. The Swiss marketing report outlines basic information about the potential target groupRead MoreHow Financial Aid Awareness Affects College Access and Success14272 Words   |  58 Pagesand Pachon 2006). iii) Many low-income students who do not apply for financial aid believe that they do not need financial aid. Twenty-nine percent of low-income dependent students and 39 percent of low-income independent students say they did not file a Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) because they believed they could afford to pay (American Council on Education [ACE] 2004). The Institute for College Access Success 2 Paving the Way: How Financial Aid Awareness AffectsRead MoreOperational Management36687 Words   |  147 PagesStrategy and Capacity Planning Location Strategies Human Resources, Job Design and Organisational Effectiveness Supply Chain Management Inventory Management and JIT Systems Aggregate Scheduling Materials Resources Planning (MRPII) Project Management Bibliography Title of Section Page 3-6 7 - 24 25 - 36 37 - 54 55 - 72 73 - 84 85 - 102 103 - 116 117 - 138 139 - 150 151 - 166 167 - 176 177 - 192 193 - 206 207 - 208 MANCOSA - MBA Year 1 1 Operations Management MANCOSA - MBA Year 1 2 Operations

Northwestern College GPA, SAT Scores and ACT Scores

The Unexpected Truth About College Research Paper Help

The Unexpected Truth About College Research Paper Help College Research Paper Help - Dead or Alive? It isn't always simple to be in a position to locate a research paper that will fulfill your requirements perfectly. If you've got a help to choose a topic, choose one that is truly interesting for you. If you're thinking that you require a person to compose my essay at the moment, you can just rely on our honest reviews. As no matter the topic you are managing, there'll stay a willing professional to compose an excellent essay and sell it for an affordable price. Whatever sort of paper writing you require, click the purchase button to request for a personalized term paper for sale. The papers are of a typical quality and assist you to accomplish excellent grades. On the flip side, you can order essay online cheap for a couple of minutes and at low price tag. Developing a first-class excellent essay has ever been a challenging undertaking for many students since they have many academic workloads. Buying research paper is a typical trend that's catching up throughout the world. Our remarkable work and low prices clearly prove that we're here to assist. If you're looking for an ultimate writing service that allows you buy low-cost research papers, BuyEssayClub is the ideal bet. It's likewise not efficient to do too much research before you truly understand what you're searching for. The Lost Secret of College Research Paper Help Many people might be worried about the risk involved with buying cheap research papers. Making it tough that you choose which paper to shell out money on dependent on the sum that you budget. Therefore, the only way out is to purchase a college research paper from a dependable and skilled business. What all you will need is getting the assistance from a specialist and EssaysChief is going to be the expert that you seek out. Otherwise, you are likely wondering what you could do in order to receive your research paper don e in time and minimize your probability of failing the class. For some of them you will require help, while others you'll be able to write all on your own. Our help is conscientious and we don't attempt to make money by deceit. You may buy inexpensive essay on the internet site. Certainly, you've got to get the research paper online in which all considerable factors are observed. It's straightforward to order from our site, with just a few steps separating you from a great research paper. It's necessary to get started preparing narrative and research essays beforehand, preferably on the exact same day it was assigned! Regardless of what the topic of your essay is, it's possible to still find excellent grades if you get online writing assistance. Rest assured, when you purchase essay with us, you receive a piece that brings you only excellent outcome. To be sure that your essay meets the very best writing standards, go through your essay once it's finished to spot the mistak es you might have missed. If writing a paper gets difficult for you, there are lots of alternatives to acquire reliable assistance. At any time you purchase a paper for school, we'll find the perfect expert to compose a winning paper for you fast. You ought to get a research paper for cheap only when you've got a relaxed deadline, which will provide you enough time to work towards getting acquainted with the paper. When you buy a pre-written paper, you aren't likely to find the opportunity to revise your paper. Research Paper isn't a task for a single day. Research Paper preparation means handling a great amount of information. Ideas, Formulas and Shortcuts for College Research Paper Help Your research paper is similar to a building, and just like with any building, it must have a strong foundation. Alternately, it may also appear at the start of a section where the info you provide will be most relevant. Hence, it's plagiarism free. College Research Paper Help: No Longer a Mystery To begin with, you need obtain much info to compose a research paper. Quality on-line research papers and affordable research papers are our specialty. Whatever topic you select for your research, we'll allow you to compose papers on that. Therefore, the research must be carried out properly. Thorough research can help you to compose a fantastic paper with enough evidence and facts. Also, a number of the research is already conducted, you will just must add and synthesis more research to achieve your conclusion and prove your thesis. We are the absolute most reputable and reliable research paper writing service available online featuring a variety of benefits and advantages for our every customer. The results of a purchases paper on the internet can demonstrate the importance of relying on experts for such aid. If you would like to purchase research paper online for a reasonable price, there's no greater company for you than Writings-Centre. You are able to easily buy papers online at cheap prices from several websites known for quality writing services. A superb research paper ought to be free from grammatical errors, spelling mistakes in addition to structural errors. Thus, when you truly feel overwhelmed with your academic tasks, always keep in mind our profess ional writers are almost always prepared to help you lessen your academic burdens and achieve your preferred success. In such case you will take advantage of a few savvy hints made to tailor your research paper writing skills beside perfection. Also, you must always buy only research papers online with no plagiarism since uniqueness of content will guarantee your work isn't copied from different references. Ok, I Think I Understand College Research Paper Help, Now Tell Me About College Research Paper Help! With us you get an ideal chance to purchase an affordable research paper which will be written by a specialist writer. Our team believes that every scholar deserves some trustworthy support! With our business, you can be certain your research will be run at the maximum level. List the most important research you're likely to discuss.

Witch Craft of the Azande free essay sample

From highly involved communal practices to individual daily life, witchcraft and such happenings can take place at any time and to anyone. During his time among the Azande, Evans Pritchard originally thought of the Azande’s belief in witchcraft as naive, believing that all mishaps were caused by bewitchment instead of taking personal responsibility. I personally find this interesting as it is a fine example of how people universally do not typically take responsibility for their misfortunes; instead they blame it on another. Why is this? Well, think to yourself, have you ever been stuck in traffic cursing at everyone else’s poor driving? The answer is probably yes because most people do not turn inwards towards themselves to see a potential problem. This is because we are sensory beings designed to sense and experience the world outside of ourselves. Turning inwards and seeing ourselves as the problem naturally is not something we as individuals do, this takes years or even a lifetime of fulfillment and maturity to realize. But this is further than I want to take us for now. Let us get back to our authors interpretation of Azande witchcraft and how his understanding of this topic changed the more time he spent among the Azande people. The author notes that a common argument to mishaps taking place among the Azande is that witchcraft is the only explanation, since the Azande take numerous precautions to certain things and yet misfortunes still take place. For example, a young boy who despite knowing there are bushes to watch out for when walking still happens to stub his toe. The young boys argument is that if all precautions were made and that he knew to watch out for such mishaps, how then could stubbing his toe take place? It must be witchcraft the young man argues. Or when an expert potter who spends much time in finding only the best clay to kneed with, and constructing his pottery carefully and heating it to bake in a slow fire; such careful craftsmanship could never lead to their pot’s breaking, it must therefore be witchcraft if the pot’s break, the Azande would argue. Witchcraft among the Azande, Evans Pritchard Wintrich III suggests, seems to be something that happens to someone after careful measures to do something are made and yet the individual still sustains misfortune and injury. Logically this sounds like a reasonable argument, but to me I would suggest that such misfortunes occur because accidents happen and are not necessarily caused by witchcraft. However, this of course is my etic interpretation of witchcraft among the Azande since I do not believe in witchcraft. The Azande, however, do believe in witchcraft, so what then is the emic meaning of witchcraft among Azande culture? Let’s get back to our authors study of the Azande. Our author uses an analogy; to the Azande, witchcraft attempts to explain specific phenomena that are not universal truths, such as fire’s universal truth as being hot versus its specific characteristic of potentially burning you. Fire’s hotness is not owed to witchcraft because hotness is fire’s nature. Therefore, it is fire’s universal quality to burn, but not to burn you. Being burned by fire may never happen to you, our author tells us, but to the Azande to be burned by fire, as being burned by fire is not fire’s universal quality, must then be caused by bewitchment. So what then does it mean to be bewitched, and how does someone come to be bewitched? An interesting puzzle arises from this question. Suppose you have a granary that has termite damage in the support beams, and on a hot day part the community seeks shelter from the hot sun under this granary. Should the granary fall, the Azande argue, would be caused by witchcraft. The argument is this; â€Å"We say that the granary collapsed because its supports were eaten away by termites. That is the cause that explains the collapse of the granary. We also say that the people were sitting under it at the time because it was in the heat of the day and they thought that it would be a comfortable place to talk and work. This is the cause of people being under the granary at the time it collapsed. To our minds the only relationship between these two independently caused facts is their coincidence in time and space. We have no explanation of why the Wintrich IV wo chains of causation intersected at a certain time and in a certain place, for there is no interdependence between them. † (Pritchard, pg. 70) To the Azande, the only explanation, of course, is witchcraft. I don’t know about you, but for me so far, all of our author’s attempts to get an explanation about what witchcraft is has failed. We know that witchcraft is the cause of misfortun es and personal injury sustained by the Azande people through what they believe to be no fault of their own, but I think we have yet to have any understanding of what causes witchcraft itself. Where does it come from, who causes it, and is it in any way like a sort of karma believed to be punishment for bad deeds like in eastern philosophies? I think we need to take a deeper look into witchcraft and what the Azande people are actually talking about, because from what I’ve gathered so far, the Azande believe that witchcraft is an unexplained phenomena of independent events that in no way should have had any reason to take place simultaneously without the assistance of some magical energy force they call witchcraft. I ask the author again, what is witchcraft and where does it come from? This may be a crude explanation, however, it is the crude explanation I have come to about Zandeland witchcraft from reading our authors work on the Azande people. So perhaps we need to further our reading into Evan Pritchard’s book, and then we will come to a better understanding of this seemingly abstract explanation of his; let us continue. One suggestion that our author gives us as to why witchcraft and what causes it is so obscure is that in Zande philosophy the gaps in between the causation of events are left to the individual to fill instead of through communication, otherwise they would be left astray by linguistic conventions. Another explanation would be that, â€Å"Witchcraft explains particular circumstances of events in relation to their harmfulness to people. Witchcraft explains why events are harmful to man and not how they Wintrich V happen. † (Pritchard, pg. 72) A Zande sees how witchcraft happens as anyone does. They see an elephant charge a man, not a witch cast a spell. They see a termite damaged granary fall, not a witch cast a spell. They don’t see witches casting spells, only the harmfulness of particular circumstances of events in their relation to man. Witchcraft is a causative factor in the production of harmful phenomena in particular places, at particular times, and in relation to particular persons. It is not a necessary link in a sequence of events but something external to them that participates in them and gives them a peculiar value. † (Pritchard, pg. 72) However, as our author notes, the Azande do not neglect the physical cause of witchcraft; if a man dies from a spear, a snake bite or disease the Azande accept this as the physical cause of the man’s death. But witchcraft is the explanation of the effect, not the cause of a situation. The cause, whether it’s from a spear, snake or disease is not the witchcraft, the witchcraft is the effect of the individual dying from these causes, as spears, snakes and disease do not have the natural purpose of killing man, otherwise all men would die immediately from spears, snakes and disease and no one would exist. But wait, people are biologically designed to age, decay and die. Death, therefore, is a natural purpose of people, what about death caused by natural reasons? Is death from natural means accounted for by witchcraft? To the Azande, our author tells us, death caused by witchcraft and a natural death supplement each other. â€Å"It is not simply that the heart ceases to beat and the lungs to pump air in an organism, but it is also the destruction of a member of a family and kin, of a community and tribe. † (Pritchard, pg. 73) My take on this is that a natural death is measured by witchcraft in how the death of the individual affects the community. In this sense, there is a physical and a social cause in death in either case of death caused by witchcraft and death caused by natural causes. Now, it is critical at this point to understand witchcraft as having a physical and social aspect. Witchcraft, according to Wintrich VI Pritchard, is the mystical explanation of natural phenomena and their misfortunes on people. However, social circumstances of wrongdoing by people are judged by laws in Azande culture. You cannot, therefore, commit a crime and blame it on witchcraft, as witchcraft resides in the person who is esponsible for breaking the law and â€Å"is not necessary in such a case to seek a witch, for an objective towards which vengeance may be directed is already present. † (Pritchard, pg. 74) The Azande separate the circumstances of law and witchcraft for the same reasons that we do in our culture; â€Å"As in our own society a scientific theory of causation is deemed irrelevant in questions of moral and legal resp onsibility, so in Zande society the doctrine of witchcraft is deemed irrelevant in the same situation. We accept scientific explanation of the causes of disease, and even of the causes of insanity, but we deny them in crime and sin because here they militate against law and morals which are axiomatic. The Zande accepts a mystical explanation of the causes of misfortune, sickness, and death, but he does not allow this explanation if it conflicts with social exigencies expressed in law and morals. † (Pritchard, pg. 75) In Zandeland, not all human errors are blamed on witchcraft; witchcraft is only attributed to failure when all possibilities of personal error have been exhausted. Azande people do accept that misfortunes can and are caused by accidents, lack of experience, ignorance and even simply from stupidity. If we use simple logic, our author shows, it would be naive of the Azande to believe all human error to come from witchcraft, since a person would never better themselves at a trade had they always blamed witchcraft for their failures since one becomes good at something by learning from their past mistakes and from the mistakes of others. The Azande would of course agree which is why witchcraft is typically reserved to define phenomena which only cause misfortunes to innocent people. Learning from ones past mistakes is not a misfortune but in fact is how humankind excels as a species. According to the Wintrich VII author, the Azande do not believe in a separation between the natural world and the supernatural world and in fact the supernatural world, as it exists in our culture as something that exists in a different realm of spatiality, to the Azande does not exist. Witchcraft, therefore, is not something that is supernatural, although it transcends sensory experience, is simply a concept of why bad things happen to good people. The only ones who truly understand witchcraft are the witches themselves, who in fact, could be anyone. Anyone can break a law or taboo which seems to be the causation of collective negative energy within Azande society, and it is this energy which manifests itself into misfortune and folly within the community of the Azande people.

Conservatism-Liberalism-Socialism Essays - Political Ideologies

Conservatism-Liberalism-Socialism Conservatism, liberalism and socialism can be called ideologies, as they constitute ?comprehensive set of beliefs and attitudes about social and economic institutions and processes? (Lawson, 44). These three ideologies, which have been developed throughout history, share both similarities and differences. Conservatism, unlike liberalism, generally opposes radical changes in social and economic domain. As the word connoted, the accumulated knowledge of the past and its application to political and economic functions is better to be conserved. Almost all representatives of the theory of conservatism placed great emphasis on the wisdom of generations, which naturally led to the formation of traditional values and customs. Any social experiment by government was perceived as a threat for the tradition of the nation which was the main factor contributing to the preservation of social stability and, consequently, of national development. Change was to be accepted only if it occurred at a gradual and consistent pace. The view of human nature according to conservatism is not egalitarian, in the sense that some people, placed in society, are more capable than others to contribute to its development and they are the ones to be placed in positions of authority. Individuals must guide their behav ior according to traditional moral standards, set by functional institutions, such as Church. For example, ?the increasing political power of the Catholic Church, as well as of other religious groups in the U.S., suggests an area where institutional bases for traditional conservatism may be evolving? (handout, 11). Conservatism evokes strong feelings of patriotism, since support for the established institutions are greatly promoted and each person serves his/her country with consistency and loyalty. This patriotism leads to an increased trust to in the military forces in cases of external threat, rather than in diplomacy. The liberal, now, view of human nature is highly egalitarian and can be strongly contrasted with that of the conservative, since it suggests an elevated perspective of human beings and diminishes the importance of the social unit. Human rights and liberties constitute a political necessity. Political systems must contribute to individual happiness and their role must be restricted. In a liberal society, the individual is a rational being and, according to classical economists, rationality is expressed in a materialistic way. That is the rational allocation of energy in an effort to maximize profit. This is the economic man in a liberal society. The political man is the one who makes critical choices when participating in democratic procedures. Liberalism has many times been identified with democracy and the ideal government should be pluralistic and not paternalistic. The essential principle of liberalism is individual freedom, which must be expanded and served in all levels of life, political and economic. Another ideology that marked the historical stream of thought is socialism. Socialism is a highly egalitarian ideology, which, unlike liberalism, stresses on individual's natural sociability that entails great decrease of cooperation among human beings and not aggressive competition. Unfortunately, socialists claim that human exploitation by other humans has its roots to established structures of control and this is also the reason for the existence of poverty. Thus, socialism, in contrast with conservatism, is critical to the existing structures and institutions and promotes change. The preferred mean of effective change is revolution. In a socialist regime, the role of the government is to ensure fair distribution of wealth and to render the means of production communal, by means of enlarging the public domain. If the land and the factories are owned by the state, and the workers control the state, everybody will share the same opportunities and economic quality, socialism's most i mportant value will be achieved. Poverty will be extinct in this way and the claim of many socialists, that their ideology emerged out of conserve for solving poverty problems, will be verified. Although, the differences to be found among these three ideologies are numerous, there are some similarities between liberalism and conservatism, which via the approach of the ideology of laissez-fair conservatism, or else classical liberalism, combined their forces to face the danger of socialism-communism.

Watson Surname Meaning and Origin

Watson Surname Meaning and Origin Watson is a patronymic surname meaning son of Watt. The popular Middle English given names Wat and Watt were pet forms of the name Walter, meaning powerful ruler or ruler of the army, from the elements wald, meaning rule, and heri, meaning army. Watson is the 19th most common surname in Scotland and the  76th most popular surname in the United States. Watson is also popular in England, coming in as the 44th most common surname. Surname Origin:  Scottish,  English Alternate Surname Spellings:  WATTIS, WATTS, WATTSON, WATS  See also WATT. Where Do People with the WATSON Surname Live The last name Watson is common in Scotland and the Border Country, according to WorldNames PublicProfiler, most especially the northeast English counties of Cumbria, Durham, and Northumberland and the Lowlands and East of Scotland, especially in the area around Aberdeen. Surname distribution data from Forebears concurs, placing the surname at the turn of the 20th century as most common in Aberdeenshire, Angus, Fife, Lanarkshire and Midlothian in Scotland, and Yorkshire, Lancashire, Durham, Northumberland, and Cumberland (a parent county of present-day Cumbria) in England. Famous People with the WATSON Surname John B. Watson: American psychologist, best known for his role in the development of behaviorismJames Watson: American molecular biologist and geneticist, best known as one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNAJames Watt: Inventor of the modern steam engineEmma Watson: English actress and feminist advocate, best known for playing the role of Hermione Granger in the Harry Potter film franchiseTom Watson: American professional golfer Clan Watson The crest of Clan Watson is two hands coming from the clouds holding the trunk of a sprouting oak tree.  The Watson clan motto is Insperata floruit which means It has flourished beyond expectation. Sources Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1967. Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Bergenfield, NJ: Avotaynu, 2005. Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia.  Bergenfield, NJ:  Avotaynu, 2004. Hanks, Patrick, and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. Hoffman, William F. Polish Surnames: Origins and Meanings.  Chicago:  Polish Genealogical Society, 1993. Rymut, Kazimierz. Nazwiska Polakow.  Wroclaw: Zaklad Narodowy im. Ossolinskich - Wydawnictwo, 1991. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.